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Consider the Lily:
The Ungilded History of Colorado County, Texas

By Bill Stein

(Copyright, Nesbitt Memorial Library and Bill Stein)

Notes to Part 6

1 Colorado Citizen, March 5, 1859, March 26, 1859, April 2, 1859, April 16, 1859, May 28, 1859, June 4, 1859, July 2, 1859, July 9, 1859. Though the law which created the Texas state militia was passed on April 21, 1846, no company is known to have existed in Colorado County prior to 1859. The 1846 law declared that every able-bodied man between the ages of 18 and 45 were liable to serve, and required companies to hold at least two musters between March and November each year (see Hans Peter Nielsen Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897 (Austin: The Gammel Book Company, 1898), vol. 2, pp. 1400-1423).

2 Colorado Citizen, September 29, 1859, October 27, 1859, November 17, 1859, November 24, 1859, January 28, 1860, February 18, 1860, March 17, 1860, May 5, 1860. The pistols that had been provided by the state were quite modern, Colt 1851 Navy model, .36 caliber, six-shooters. The Colorado Guards were dissolved because the law which had allowed their creation was revoked and superceded by another, quite similar law which was passed on February 14, 1860 (see Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897, vol. 4, pp. 1483-1500).

3 Colorado Citizen, February 16, 1861, May 11, 1861; The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 volumes (Washington: United States War Department, 1880-1901), series 1, vol. 1, p. 632.

4 Colorado Citizen, May 11, 1861, May 18, 1861, May 25, 1861, October 26, 1861; Texas State Militia Muster Rolls, RG 401, Files 4, 21, 55, 118, 131, 366, 421, 408, 409, 782, 837, 1353, 1354, Texas State Archives, Austin; Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 2, p. 406; Colorado County Bond and Mortgage Records, Book E, p. 549. Malsch quickly resigned his commission and was replaced by Friedrich Otell (see Texas State Militia Muster Rolls, RG 401, File 409, Texas State Archives, Austin).

5 Colorado Citizen, November 2, 1861; Weimar Mercury, March 12, 1904; Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 2, p. 404. Major Julius Kellersberg, in reporting on the batteries in place at Fort Velasco on November 3, 1862, did not specifically refer to any of the artillery pieces as breechloaders, but his report does not exclude the possibility that Nave's cannon was present (see Official Records, series I, vol. 15, pp. 853-854). After the war, Nave kept his cannon, and on the day of his funeral, in 1904, it was set up on Milam Street in Columbus and fired several times. In 1930, the cannon was donated to the Witte Memorial Museum in San Antonio. It has since disappeared from the museum grounds.

6 Colorado Citizen, June 15, 1861, July 13, 1861, August 3, 1861, August 10, 1861, August 31, 1861, September 21, 1861, October 12, 1861, November 13, 1908, November 20, 1908; Eagle Lake Headlight, May 26, 1923; Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Members of the Texas Legislature, 1846-1962 (n. p., 1962), p. 23; Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 2, p. 401; Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Roll 421. Andrew C. Burford was the son of Harriet Burford, William A. Bridge the son of William Bridge, who owned eleven slaves in 1860, David M. Currie the son of Julia A. Currie, who owned twelve slaves in 1860; William H. Carlton the son of James Carlton; Blythe W. Haynes the son of Calvin Haynes; John M. Jenkins the son of James H. Jenkins, who owned nine slaves in 1860; William W. Pinchback the son of John Pinchback; Calvin B. Tanner the son of John O. Tanner, and Thaddeus Wright the son of William J. Wright (see Eighth Census of the United States (1860), Schedule 1, Schedule 2, Colorado County, Texas). The company also included privates named Henry Haynes and John M. Grace. Haynes may have been Blythe Haynes' brother, though no evidence to support that conclusion has been found. Henry Haynes would be wounded and captured at Gettysburg, and die of his wound in a federal prison camp. Grace appears to have been the brother of slaveholder Thomas J. Grace. He would be discharged because of lung disease on January 9, 1862.

7 Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Colorado Citizen, June 29, 1861; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 480: State of Texas v. John A. Pearce. There was also a recruit named William L. Rhodes who signed up for duty in Columbus on March 25, 1862. He may have been the son of plantation and slave owner Henry David Rhodes, though he seems not to have been. Rhodes would be wounded at Antietam, and die of pneumonia two months later, on November 20, 1862. He has a probate file at the Colorado County courthouse, but it contains no documents, nor does there seem to be any mention of him in the probate minute or final record books (see Colorado County Probate Records, File No. 414: W. L. Rhodes).

8 Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Colorado Citizen, September 14, 1899, October 5, 1899. Denny had been reported dead of disease in the Colorado Citizen of August 31, 1861, but that report was retracted in the issue of September 21, 1861. According to Roberdeau, during an early stage of the battle, Pinchback had predicted his own death (see Colorado Citizen, September 14, 1899). Upton had lost the August 6, 1860 Colorado County sheriff’s election to Ira Albert Harris by only twelve votes (382-370). Had he won, he probably would not have joined the army, and his life might have been saved (see Colorado County Election Records, August 6, 1860). Hicks Baker had married Elizabeth Secrest on April 25, 1860. Their son was born February 8, 1861 (see Colorado County Marriage Records, Book D, p. 69; Colorado Citizen, February 9, 1861).

9 Muster Rolls, Company A, Fifth Texas Cavalry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Colorado Citizen, August 10, 1861, August 24, 1861, September 7, 1861, August 1, 1913; Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1761: Robert G. Morgan, Jr. v. William Stapleton; Eighth Census of the United States (1860), Colorado County, Texas, Schedule 1; Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 2, pp. 401, 406; "Civil War Letters of John Samuel Shropshire," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, January 1997, pp. 65, 68. Shropshire's slave was named Bob, Wright's Howell, and Oakes' Mac. The fourth slave, whose name was Ed, was brought into the field by James Carson, who started his military career as a private, but was promoted sergeant two months after he enrolled.

10 Muster Rolls, Company A, Fifth Texas Cavalry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Colorado Citizen, July 15, 1897.

11 Muster Rolls, Company A, Fifth Texas Cavalry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Colorado Citizen, August 1, 1913; Weimar Mercury, July 16, 1915; Overton Sharp-Shooter, February 23, 1888, March 5, 1888 or the more convenient reprint of the same material in Jerry Don Thompson, ed., Civil War in the Southwest (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001), pp. 82-83, 136-137; Official Records, series 1, vol. 9, pp. 537, 545. Shropshire was buried near the battlefield. In June 1987, a man who was building a house discovered the body, after which it was excavated, removed from the site, and identified. After a debate of some months, on August 5, 1990, Shropshire's remains were reinterred in his native Bourbon County, Kentucky (see Houston Post, July 17, 1987, July 25, 1987, September 24, 1988, March 18, 1990; Houston Chronicle, July 17, 1987; Dallas Morning News, June 3, 1990; Lexington [Kentucky] Herald-Leader, August 6, 1990; Bourbon [County, Kentucky] Times, August 8, 1990; Bourbon County [Kentucky] Citizen, August 8, 1990, copies of each of which can be found in Shropshire Family File, Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus).

12 Muster Rolls, Company A, Fifth Texas Cavalry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Weimar Mercury, July 16, 1915; Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, pp. 212, 857, 878; Colorado County Probate Records, File No. 438: Stephen M. Wells. Though the exact date and place of Wells' death is unknown, he is known to have been in the Fort Bliss hospital in June 1862, and he certainly died before November 25, 1862, when the first of his probate papers was filed, leading one to the conclusion that he died at Fort Bliss.

13 Muster Rolls, Company D, 21st Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus and Richard V. Cook's letter of August 8, 1863, which is contained therein; Official Records, vol. 15, pp. 402-403, 1053. In November 1864, at his request, Cook's company was reassigned to the 13th Texas Infantry Regiment, where it was designated as Company A.

14 Letter of Richard V. Cook, September 2, 1863, Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Roll 421; Ernest Mae Seaholm and Bill Stein, comp., "Richard V. Cook and the Battle of Sabine Pass," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 8, February 1991, pp. 243-258; Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, part 1, p. 308, part 2, p. 215.

15 Colorado Citizen, August 15, 1857, March 5, 1859, June 15, 1861, June 29, 1861, August 10, 1861; Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1650: Walter Tufts and Charles A. Colley v. D. J. Hollister, H. C. Drew, and A. F. Smith; Civil Cause File No. 1695: Lathrop & Wilkinson v. Henry M. Johnson. The last known edition of the Citizen until after the war was issued on November 2, 1861. The Confederate government actually passed a law, on May 21, 1861, that made it a crime for Confederate citizens to pay debts to individuals or corporations anywhere in the United States except Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, or Washington D. C. The law suggested that the debts be paid into the Confederate treasury, which would then issue a certificate that would be redeemable after the war (see James M. Matthews, ed., The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America (Richmond: R. M. Smith, 1864) p. 151).

16 Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 2, pp. 419-420, 422-423, Book 1862-1876, p. 3.

17 Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 1862-1876, pp. 5-6, 10-13, 18, 21; Colorado County Marriage Records, Book C, pp. [67-75].

18 Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 1862-1876, pp. 15, 33.

19 Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 1862-1876, pp. 35, 36.

20 Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897, vol. 5, pp. 455-464; Texas State Militia Muster Rolls (RG 401), File 494, Texas State Archives, Austin. Those who did not have to serve in the militia included postmasters and mail carriers, ferrymen on public roads, railroad engineers and conductors, steamboat officers and crews, district judges and district clerks, and county clerks, chief justices, and sheriffs.

21 Official Records, series I, vol. 26, part 2, p. 351; Seaholm and Stein, comp., "Richard V. Cook and the Battle of Sabine Pass," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 8, February 1991, pp. 256-257. One of Tait's companies was from Colorado County, the other from Fayette County.

22 Muster Rolls, Company H, 17th Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Petition of Captain Jordt and Company, June 11, 1862, Memorials and Petitions, Texas State Archives, Austin. Of the 126 men known to have served in Company H, 53 had been in Colorado County in 1860. One of those, Charles Lessing, enrolled as a substitute for Andrew J. Smith, a Tennessee-born slaveholder who was no doubt aghast to realize that he had enrolled in a German-speaking company. The isolation of Jordt's company can be inferred from the writings of Elijah Parsons Petty, who was the captain of another company in the 17th Texas Infantry, Company F. Published as Journey to Pleasant Hill (Norman D. Brown, ed., (San Antonio: The Institute for Texan Cultures, 1982)), Petty's voluminous correspondence scarcely mentions Company H. He once reports that "the Dutch company is the only one that has lost no men" (p. 105), makes a passing reference to Lieutenant Kollmann, whom he calls "Coleman" (p. 224), and reports that one "Dutchman" had deserted (p. 284). Though he speaks routinely of other companies, no other mentions of Jordt's company have been found in his letters.

23 Official Records, series I, vol. 15, p. 887.

24 Official Records, series I, vol. 15, pp. 886, 890, 925, "Diary of James Pitman Saunders," in John Bennett Boddie, comp., Historical Southern Families, vol. 7 (Ann Arbor, Michigan: 1963), pp. 175-176..

25 Official Records, series I, vol. 15, pp. 921, 925.

26 Official Records, series I, vol. 15, pp. 921, 926, 945, 974.

27 Official Records, series I, vol. 15, p. 931, 936, 942, 946, 955, 956, 974, series I, vol. 53, p. 844, series 2, vol. 5, p. 831; [La Grange] True Issue, February 5, 1863, February 12, 1863.

28 Official Records, series 1, vol. 15, pp. 978, 981, 989. Two of the other civilian guides were identified as Hendersons. The woman who was injured by the bayonet is identified as "Mrs. Rouge." Her name may have been Runge. Lieutenant William J. Wheeler, who investigated the incident, filed his report on February 23, 1863. In regard to this incident, it states "Mrs. Rouge, the lady who is reported to have been so badly misused, states that she received no injury at the hands of Lieutenant Stone, and she does not think from any of the men under his command; that Lieutenant Stone did not come into her house, and that she was injured, but to the best of her knowledge the injury she received was at the hands of men who were not under Lieutenant Stone's command, but were citizens, neighbors, living in that vicinity, and not from any of Lieutenant Stone's command; that she was knocked down, not by any of Lieutenant Stone's command, and that she received one or two scratches from a bayonet, whether it was thrust at her or whether in the confusion of the moment, which she thinks most likely, she ran against it, she cannot tell; that she received the butt of a gun, but says the blow was not aimed at her; that being excited and alarmed for her husband's safety she accidentally ran against it; and that she is confident, from the general conduct and demeanor of the lieutenant and the men of his command, that they intended no injury or insult to her whatever."

29 Texas State Militia Muster Rolls, RG 401, File 693, Texas State Archives, Austin; Aaron T. Sutton, Prisoner of the Rebels in Texas (Decatur, Indiana: Americana Books, 1978), pp. 97-101, 116-119; Charles Nagel, A Boy's Civil War Story (St. Louis: Eden Publishing House, 1935), pp. 207-216, 227-254; Frank W. Johnson, A History of Texas and Texans, ed. by Eugene Campbell Barker and Ernest William Winkler (Chicago and New York: The American Historical Society, 1914), vol. 3, p. 1538; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 482: State of Texas v. Henry Dedrich, Criminal Cause File No. 501: State of Texas v. Joseph Dungen, Minute Book C2, pp. 423, 425; Colorado County Bond and Mortgage Records, Book E, pp. 662, 669. Though the cotton freighters avoided the perils of life in the military, their occupation was not without its dangers. According to family tradition, on one of Laake's trips, his caravan was attacked by bandits. One of his companions was killed and he himself was hit in the head with a metal object. The wound left a scar that remained bald for the rest of his life (see Ernest W. Laake, The History and Living Descendants of the Frank Albert Laake Family (n. p., n. d.)).
    On July 25, 1887, twenty-five years after he declared that he was a temporary resident, Meyer, long past the age at which he could be drafted into military service, applied for United States citizenship. He received it on September 30, 1891. He died November 7, 1903, and was buried at Trinity Lutheran Church in Frelsburg, where, undoubtedly, he will remain permanently (see Colorado County Naturalization Records, District Clerk Record Book 1, p. 127, County Clerk Declaration of Intention Book 1, p. 82; Tombstone of Friedrich Meyer, Trinity Lutheran Cemetery).

30 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 388, 422, 426; Johann F. Leyendecker to General William R. Boggs, November 28, 1864, Leyendecker Family Papers (Ms. 37), Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus. General Boggs dismissed Leyendecker's proposal on December 1, 1864 with a terse, "I have no time to attend to such experiments."

31 Colorado Citizen, August 31, 1861, September 7, 1861, September 14, 1861; Official Records, series 1, vol. 15, pp. 149, 825, 826, 832, 851, 883-884, 955; Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Service Record of Alfred J. Dockery, Roll 10. Dockery was hospitalized in Columbus on January 10, 1863, then detached to the hospital as an attendant until at least a year later. Bill Winsor, in his Texas in the Confederacy (Hillsboro: Hill Junior College Press, 1978), reports that a surgeon named W. R. Robinson established a hospital in Columbus on October 15, 1862 (see p. 45). Winsor provides no source for his information. There was a physician named William R. Robinson who served in the Confederate army in Texas, but his military record does not mention the Columbus hospital.
    The Confederate government had passed two laws which allowed it to impress slaves for whatever end (see James Muscoe Matthews, ed., The Statutes At Large of the Confederate States of America, Passed at the Third Session of the First Congress; 1863 (Richmond: R. M. Smith, 1863), p. 104; James Muscoe Matthews, ed., The Statutes At Large of the Confederate States of America, Passed at the Fourth Session of the First Congress; 1863-4 (Richmond: R. M. Smith, 1864), pp. 235-236).

32 "Diary of James Pitman Saunders," pp. 177-184; Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, part 2, pp. 237-239. The camp was called Camp Kelsoe Springs. It may have been at Kessler's Chalybeate Springs, or, conceivably, in the Alfred Kelso Survey west of Columbus.

33 Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, part 2, pp. 237-239.

34 Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, part 2, pp. 237-239; Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 177, 179.

35 Official Records, series I, vol. 26, part 2, pp. 278-280, 330, 469-471.

36 Grover C. Ramsey, comp., Confederate Postmasters in Texas (Waco: W. M. Morrison, 1963); Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897, vol. 5, p. 837; Hank Bieciuk and H. G. "Bill" Corbin, Texas Confederate County Notes & Private Scrip (1961), p. 90, which contains a reproduction of a Neer, James & Co. note. McLeary was the first postmaster at Osage.

37 Arthur James Lyon Fremantle, The Freemantle Diary (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1954), p. 49; Official Records, series I, vol. 15, p. 1017; Doris Glasser, ed., "The Gustav A. Forsgard Diaries," The Houston Review, vol. 14, no. 1, 1992, p. 56. For more on Sally Scull see Daniel E. Kilgore, "Two Six Shooters and a Sunbonnet The Story of Sally Skull" (in Frances Edward Abernethy, ed., Legendary Ladies of Texas, Dallas: E-Heart Press, 1981), pp. 59-71; Frank X. Tolbirt, An Informal History of Texas (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961), pp. 214-218; Paul Carl Boethel, Colonel Amasa Turner The Gentleman From Lavaca and Other Captains at San Jacinto (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1963), pp. 131-136; Bill Stein, trans. and ed., "The Sally Scull Divorce Papers," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, May 1992, pp. 122-126. Forsgard, on February 1, 1863, unfavorably compares Alleyton to Hempstead, but makes favorable remarks about Columbus. There is no apparent evidence that Alleyton, as some have claimed, was larger than Columbus before, during, or after the war.

38 Galveston Daily News, August 23, 1895; Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Pauline A. Pinckney, Painting in Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967), pp. 141-145; Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1790: H. A. Tatum v. Jane Tatum, Minute Book C2, p. 575. No primary sources, other than his paintings, have been located for Hoppe. Despite diligent searching, no record of his birth, his arrival in the United States, his presence in Texas or any other state, or of his death, has been located. All of his pictures, three of which remained in the hands of Leyendecker's descendants until 1976, are now a part of the collection of the San Antonio Museum of Art. For the best discussion of his work, and photographs of his four known pictures, see Cecilia Steinfeldt, Art for History's Sake: The Texas Collection of the Witte Museum (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1993), pp. 131-134.

39 Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1763: Robert Robson v. Robert H. Tobin; Civil Cause File 1777: Robert Robson v. Robert H. Tobin; Colorado County Deed Records, Book L, pp. 74-77; Colorado County Bond and Mortgage Records, Book E, p. 348.

40 Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1763: Robert Robson v. Robert H. Tobin; Civil Cause File 1777: Robert Robson v. Robert H. Tobin; Civil Cause File No. 1687: Martha C. Tobin vs. Robert H. Tobin. The court's decree allowed Martha Tobin to remove all the case's papers from the court's records, and she apparently did. It cannot be confirmed that the suit was for divorce because the papers are missing.

41 Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1763: Robert Robson v. Robert H. Tobin, Civil Cause File No. 1777: Robert Robson v. Robert H. Tobin; Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897, vol. 5, pp. 449, 479, 795. In addition to being his lawyer, Daniels was Tobin's brother-in-law.

42 Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 485: State of Texas v. Robert Tarkington, Criminal Cause File No. 496: State of Texas v. Thaddeus W. Hunter; Eighth Census of the United States (1860), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas.

43 Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 364: State of Texas v. John, a slave, Criminal Cause File No. 499: State of Texas v. Allen, a slave, Criminal Cause File No. 511: State of Texas v. Low, a slave, Minute Book C 2, p. 350.

44 Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 512: State of Texas v. Sion R. Bostick, Criminal Cause File No. 527: State of Texas v. Matthew McDowell.

45 Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Colorado Citizen, June 2, 1881; Darden Family File, Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library; Members of the Texas Legislature, 1846-1962 (n. p., 1962), p. 48.

46 Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus. Pratt died on October 23, 1863 (see Register of Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Who Died in Federal Prisons and Military Hospitals in the North (U. S. War Department, 1912), p. 293).

47 Muster Rolls, Company B, Fifth Texas Infantry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus. Though Auerbach was the only man killed in battle after Gettysburg, a private named W. L. Burton was shot by a sharpshooter at New Market Hill, Virginia on August 18, 1864. Since his death occurred outside battle, he has been numbered with the fifteen who died of disease or other causes. Neither Andrew Legg nor William Ryan has been counted among the company's casualties.

48 Muster Rolls, Company A, Fifth Texas Cavalry, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Roll 32; Theophilus Noel, A Campaign From Santa Fe to the Mississippi; Being a History of the Old Sibley Brigade (Raleigh: Charles R. Sanders, Jr., 1961), pp. 132, 142-143. Noel states that Shaw was killed at Fort Butler on June 28, 1863 and that Kindred was killed at Yellow Bayou in Louisiana on May 18, 1864. He also reports, inaccurately, that David Hubbard was killed at Latourche in July 1863, when in fact he died in a hospital in February 1862 of wounds suffered at Valverde; and that Robert H. Carter, Martin Pankey, and John Stolts were killed at Valverde when in fact all three were wounded but survived. Having pointed out these inaccuracies, it should also be stated that no source other than Noel has been discovered which confirms that Shaw and Kindred were killed in action, or that David, Newsom, Seymour, Silvey, and Terrell died of disease.

49 According to a count based on Eighth Census of the United States (1860) Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas, there were 1343 males between the ages of 12 and 45 in Colorado County in 1860, of whom 406 were born in Germany, 37 in what became Czechoslovakia, and 900 elsewhere. A comparison of the list of the 1343 names with the Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, revealed 103 Germans, four Czechs, and 400 others who could reasonably be identified as Confederate soldiers. Many others may have served; however, there was often insufficient information to determine that an individual on the 1860 census was the same individual found in the compiled service records. There were two John Millers, two James Walkers, and one James Johnson, one John Smith, one John Washington, one John White, and one John Wilson in Colorado County in 1860, and innumerable ones in the Confederate army. There were also six Colorado County men who were over the age of 45 when the 1860 census was taken who are known to have served in the Confederate military and a seventh who enlisted but was never accepted into service. These seven men were: Henry Terrell, who was 55, Samuel B. DeHart, 54, John Noack, 50, Robert A. Bell, 49, Henry Spinck, 47, William G. Hunt, 46, and Howal A. Tatum, 46. Two of the seven, Noack and Spinck, were German.

50 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 49-53; Eighth Census of the United States (1860), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas. Carlton was the son of James Carlton, Herbert the son of William J. Herbert, Jenkins the son of James H. Jenkins, Payne the son of Zachariah Payne, and Terrell the son of Henry Terrell. Hester managed the plantation of Julia Currie; Joiner that of Samuel Stephen Montgomery.

51 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 362-371.

52 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 167-171; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the Official Records (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906) series 1, vol. 21, pp. 857-858.

53 Muster Rolls, Company D, Cavalry, Waul's Texas Legion, Microfilm edition in Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus; Civil War letters of George McCormick (Ms. 6), Draper/McCormick Papers, Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library, Columbus, or the convenient transcriptions in Bill Stein, ed., "The Experiences of George McCormick in Waul's Texas Legion," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 2, December 1989, pp. 35-65; John Duff Brown, "Reminiscences of Jno. Duff Brown," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 4, April 1909, pp. 309-311. Waul's Texas Legion, which was organized by Thomas Neville Waul, at its inception contained infantry, cavalry, and artillery units.

54 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 381, 382, 383, 384, 385; Colorado County Police [Commissioners] Court Minutes, Book 2, pp. 420-421. Another Colorado County German, Henry Sudmeyer also joined the company, but never reported for duty. Six days after joining Quin's company, he joined the company raised by Jordt, that is, Company H, 17th Texas Infantry, and served in it throughout the war.

55 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Rolls 138, 273-280, 288. Dodd was 15 when the 1860 census was taken.

56 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Roll 210; Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, part 2, p. 246, series 1, vol. 50, part 2, p. 333; Johnson, A History of Texas and Texans, vol. 3, p. 1292; Oran M. Roberts, "Texas," in Clement A. Evans, ed., Confederate Military History, (12 vols., Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899), vol. 11, pp. 380-383; Mamie Yeary, Reminiscences of the Boys in Gray 1861-1865 (1912. Reprint. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1986), pp. 174-175. After A. H. Davidson's death, Ragsdale took over command of the battalion, thereby giving it the name by which it is now known, Ragsdale's Battalion.

57 Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903 (2 vols., Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903. Reprint. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965), vol. 1, p. 679; Official Records, series 1, vol. 9, pp. 520, 605-606, vol. 15, p. 217, vol. 26, pp. 66, 396, 454, 478, vol. 24, part 2, p. 932, vol. 30, pp. 192-193; vol. 41, part 3, p. 969, vol. 41, part 4, p. 1144, vol. 48, part 1, p. 1458; Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives Microfilm Publication No. 323, Roll 308, 310; Colorado Citizen, January 21, 1921. On December 4, 1863, Green called McNeill "the best officer" in his brigade (see Official Records, series 1, vol. 26, part 2, p. 478). He had graduated 26th in his West Point class.

58 Roberts, "Texas," in Evans, ed., Confederate Military History, vol. 11, pp. 380-383, 595-597.

59 Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1862, 1864.

60 Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1864; Colorado County Deed Records, Book L, p. 33, Book M, p. 541; Colorado County Marriage Records, Book D, p. 12. The few large plantations listed above housed 737 of the 4086 slaves in the county in 1864.

61 Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1864; Colorado County Marriage Records, Book D, pp. 105, 127. The average value of a rural slave was based on the value of the slaves on the plantations mentioned above, plus those of the largest plantations near Oakland, the three plantations upriver from Columbus, the plantations near Harvey's Creek, those at Walnut Bend and upriver from Walnut Bend, and those near Frelsburg, all of which will shortly be discussed. The plantations considered in this study contained 2813 slaves (about two-thirds of all the slaves in the county) valued at $1,566,100, or $556.74 each. All 4086 slaves in the county in 1864 were valued at $2,299,455, or $562.76 each. These valuations, of course, were in Confederate money. Its relative value in United States dollars can be roughly deduced by a comparison of the values placed on four taxable commodities, horses, cattle, sheep, and rural land, by the tax assessor during and immediately after the war. Unhappily, the valuations for the first three of these commodities for 1863 and 1864 are lost. For 1861 and 1862, the assessor assigned an average value of $44.89 to horses, $6.00 to cattle, $2.55 to sheep, and $7.43 to an acre of rural land. For 1865 and 1866, he assigned values of $30.73, $4.07, $1.91, and $5.14 to the same commodities. All four commodities were reduced in value by about thirty percent. If the same had held true for slaves, then the average slave had a tax value of about 400 United States dollars in 1864, and the average rural slave about $10 less (see Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1861-1866).

62 Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1864; Colorado County Probate Records, Final Record Book F, pp. 14-17, 302-303; Colorado County Deed Records, Book K, p. 665, Book L, p. 390.

63 Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1864; Colorado County Deed Records, Book E, p. 138, Book K, pp. 488, 783, Book L, p. 246, 405. Bonds' plantation was in the James G. O'Farrell Survey, Hubbard's and Smith's in the Henry Austin Survey, Currie's in the Peyton R. Splane Survey, Harrington's in the Joseph Duty Survey, and Miller's in the Elisha Flowers Survey. Hubbard purchased the biggest part of plantation on June 15, 1859; Harrington bought his plantation on April 21, 1863; and Jarmon bought his on September 1, 1854.

64 Colorado County Tax Rolls, 1864; Colorado County Deed Records, Book L, p. 173. Many persons who owned large numbers of slaves in 1864 apparently had no land in the county on which to employ them. These included L. B. Cooper, who owned 31, B. F. Montgomery, who owned 26, and William John Darden, who owned 21 slaves and, for land, only a lot in Columbus.