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Consider the Lily:
The Ungilded History of Colorado County, Texas

By Bill Stein

(Copyright, Nesbitt Memorial Library and Bill Stein)

Notes to Part 9

1 Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Colorado County, Texas, Schedule 1; Mike Kingston, ed., 1994-1995 Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide (Dallas: The Dallas Morning News, 1993), p. 331; for reports on immigrant arrivals, see Colorado Citizen, April 20, 1880, December 23, 1880, November 3, 1881, January 1, 1882, September 28, 1882, October 26, 1882, November 9, 1882, November 23, 1882; for more on the activities of Malsch, Green, and others, see the preceding chapter of this history. One immigration entrepreneur, identified as Baron Werner von Zuydtwyek, fell dead on a train between Eagle Lake and Columbus in the summer of 1881. He had about $6000 in cash on him when he died. A cablegram from his heirs confirmed that he was in Texas "for the purpose of securing a location and lands for immigrants" (see Colorado Citizen, July 21, 1881). In 1881, one Weimar man, a shoemaker named A. Juenger, having raised enough money during his residency in the country to pay for two more passages, sent to Europe for his wife and child to join him. Tragically, while they were at sea, he suddenly died (see Colorado Citizen, August 25, 1881).

2 James L. Rock and W. I. Smith, Southern and Western Texas Guide for 1878 (St. Louis: A. H. Granger, 1878), pp. 60, 143-144, 211-213; Laura Jack Irvine, "Sketch of Colorado County," American Sketch Book, vol. 7, 1882, or the more convenient reprint in Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, January 1998, pp. 38-46. Though Rock and Smith report that Columbus had "a population of nearly or quite 4,500" (p. 60) and "a population of about 4,000" (p. 211), Irvine's 1881 estimate that Columbus contained "two thousand souls" (p. 43) and the local newspaper's own estimate of 2500 at the beginning of 1883 (see Colorado Citizen, January 18, 1883) must be regarded as more accurate. The same newspaper declared that Weimar had about 700 people and Oakland about 260, and characterized Borden, Eagle Lake, and Osage as "villages." Though alligators were common on Eagle Lake, they could also be found in other parts of the county. An alligator measured at 12 feet, 8 inches was killed near Weimar in June 1880 (see Colorado Citizen, June 10, 1880). In his confession to a murder near Eagle Lake, James Stanley mentions that a man had killed two ducks the same evening (see Colorado Citizen, October 18, 1883). Various other accounts of hunts in the Colorado Citizen reveal the presence of beaver (November 7, 1878 issue), eagles (April 29, 1880), wildcats (May 20, 1880), deer (July 28, 1881, September 22, 1881), and prairie chickens (August 11, 1881).

3 Colorado Citizen, May 4, 1876, March 8, 1877, February 14, 1878, August 29, 1878, October 31, 1878, December 5, 1878, January 16, 1879, March 20, 1879, May 18, 1882; Colorado County Bond and Mortgage Records, Book K, p. 310.

4 Colorado Citizen, August 9, 1877, June 13, 1878, December 19, 1878, June 5, 1879, June 12, 1879, July 3, 1879, January 8, 1880, March 25, 1880, April 1, 1880.

5 Colorado Citizen, November 27, 1879, June 10, 1880, July 8, 1880, June 30, 1881, September 1, 1881, December 15, 1881, January 12, 1882, January 26, 1882, June 1, 1882, June 8, 1882, June 15, 1882, June 29, 1882, November 2, 1882, November 30, 1882, December 7, 1882, January 11, 1883, March 29, 1883; Memorial and Genealogical Record of Southwest Texas (Chicago: Goodspeed Brothers, 1893), p. 532.

6 Colorado Citizen, March 22, 1877, August 22, 1878, April 29, 1880, June 10, 1880, March 24, 1881, May 26, 1881, August 11, 1881, December 22, 1881, October 19, 1882, October 26, 1882. Weimar's 1878 military company had a former Union soldier, Henry Earl Carey, and a former Confederate captain, James Daniel Roberdeau, as its lieutenants, which may have accounted for its failure. The Weimar Odd Fellows lodge is mentioned in the Colorado Citizen of April 29, 1875. It had certainly been organized only recently. The official history of the Weimar Masonic lodge states that it was organized on June 5, 1875. All that can be stated for certain from publicly available primary sources is that it was in existence by January 1877. It purchased its first property on February 28, 1877 (see Mary Hinton, Weimar, Texas First 100 Years 1873-1973 (Austin: Von Boeckman-Jones, 1973), p. 164; Colorado Citizen, January 11, 1877; Colorado County Deed Records, Book T, p. 55).

7 Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas; Colorado Citizen, May 23, 1878, February 6, 1879, May 8, 1879, October 14, 1880, May 12, 1881, May 11, 1882, May 18, 1882, August 21, 1882, October 26, 1882, November 30, 1882, December 14, 1882. Rogers moved to Hallettsville in the summer of 1882 (see Colorado Citizen, August 21, 1882).

8 Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas; Ninth Census of the United States (1870), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas; James L. Rock and W. I. Smith, Southern and Western Texas Guide for 1878 (St. Louis: A. H. Granger, 1878), p. 211; Laura Jack Irvine, "Sketch of Colorado County," American Sketch Book, vol. 7, 1882, or the more convenient reprint in Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, January 1998, pp. 45-46; Colorado Citizen, June 1, 1876, June 15, 1876, March 13, 1879. As we have seen, Ziegler was appointed justice of the peace in 1868 and held the office by election in 1869 and 1873. The Constitution of 1876, however, redefined the office, diminishing it in importance. Ziegler won election as one of the original "1876-type" justices of the peace and was reelected every two years until 1898, serving 22 years. Counting his years as the earlier type of JP, he held the title continuously for just over 30 years.

9 Colorado County Deed Records, Book T, pp. 139, 140, Book Y, p. 139; Colorado Citizen, March 21, 1878, April 13, 1882. Ficklin and Tracy acquired the part of the lake in the Patrick Reels Survey by means of two quitclaim deeds, one from Edward T. Watts for $25 and one from Gamaliel Good for $1. Six years earlier, Watts had purchased a large tract in the Reels Survey from Good and his two sons (see Colorado County Deed Records, Book O, pp. 450, 415, 453). The deeds did not specifically mention the waters of the lake, so Ficklin and Tracy got an acknowledgment from Good, whose sons were by then deceased, that neither he nor his family had any further claim to ownership of the lake. It seems clear that neither Watts nor Good before him placed any significant value on the lake. This is well in keeping with the general attitude toward property ownership which, until then, had prevailed in the county. Neither Watts nor Good would have thought it proper to keep people from using the lake for nearly any purpose, just as they would not have thought it proper to keep other people's cattle from grazing on their unfenced grass lands, or to keep people from crossing their property at will, or to keep people from hunting on their land. At the time they sold the lake, these attitudes were only beginning to change, as we shall see in the subsequent chapter of this history.

10 Colorado Citizen, May 23, 1878, July 18, 1878, August 8, 1878, September 19, 1878, May 8, 1879, April 7, 1880, September 29, 1881, April 6, 1882, April 13, 1882, August 17, 1882, October 5, 1882, November 23, 1882, December 14, 1882; Ninth Census of the United States (1870) Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas; Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas. Dr. Robinson, who had been in Alleyton since 1870, left town in early 1883 (see Colorado Citizen, March 22, 1883). So did Williamson Daniels. After leaving the nursery, he opened a store. He sold that store to Dittman, and, in January 1883, moved to a place near Borden (see Colorado Citizen, January 25, 1883). The arsonist who burned Munch's store was named Thomas Bostick. After repeated appeals, he was finally convicted in March 1882. Before leaving the courtroom, Bostick asked for and was granted permission to speak to Munch. Instead of speaking to him, however, he physically assaulted him (see Colorado Citizen, November 27, 1879, March 23, 1882; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1799: State of Texas v. Thomas Bostick).

11 Colorado Citizen, January 29, 1880, March 25, 1880, April 29, 1880, May 20, 1880, November 25, 1880, January 13, 1881, January 27, 1881, February 17, 1881, March 10, 1881, October 6, 1881, October 13, 1881, November 10, 1881, November 17, 1881, December 8, 1881, December 22, 1881, January 5, 1882, February 16, 1882, April 6, 1882, April 13, 1882, April 20, 1882, April 27, 1882. The UBF lodge is mentioned in the Citizen of February 16, 1882. Two other black lodge chapters are mentioned in other editions of the newspaper: the Lodge of Knights of Wise Men, which the Citizen of September 1, 1881 says was organized on May 16, 1881, and the Favorite Lodge, S. W., which is mentioned in the Citizen of July 13, 1882. The former may have been the same organization as the UBF. Nothing is known of the latter.

12 Colorado Citizen, April 3, 1879, May 1, 1879, July 10, 1879, August 14, 1879, August 21, 1879, August 28, 1879, September 11, 1879, April 13, 1882; Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, p. 30; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1727: State of Texas v. Leopold Burgheim, Minute Book H, p. 110. Though the lodge is not named as the purchaser of the cemetery tract, the deed does say that Joseph G. Rosenfield, the lodge's president at the time, paid for the tract. The other inaugural officers of the lodge were Louis Mendel, I. Mehringer, David Steiner, Nimon Rosenfield, Joseph Frankel, Max Hirsch, Henry M. Ehrenwerth, and James Burgheim.

13 Colorado Citizen, October 9, 1879, October 23, 1879, November 20, 1879, November 27, 1879, January 29, 1880, May 6, 1880, January 6, 1881, January 13, 1881, January 20, 1881, April 21, 1881, June 9, 1881, June 23, 1881, July 7, 1881, July 14, 1881, November 17, 1881, January 12, 1882; La Grange Journal, January 27, 1881; Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, pp. 233, 248, 249; Colorado County Bond & Mortgage Records, Book K, p. 387, Book L, p. 294.

14 Colorado Citizen, January 17, 1878, September 12, 1878, January 30, 1879, February 6, 1879, February 20, 1879, April 3, 1879, May 1, 1879, June 5, 1879, August 14, 1879, August 21, 1879, September 11, 1879, June 17, 1880, September 2, 1880, October 13, 1881, November 27, 1879, July 28, 1881, December 15, 1881.

15 Colorado Citizen, May 18, 1876, August 10, 1876, February 7, 1878, July 31, 1879, May 15, 1879, April 29, 1880, February 3, 1881, April 21, 1881, May 26, 1881, June 16, 1881.

16 Colorado Citizen, February 14, 1878, January 1, 1880, July 29, 1880, August 5, 1880, October 13, 1881, December 22, 1881, March 23, 1882, May 18, 1882. In earlier years, Stupl had spelled his name "Stoppel."

17 Colorado Citizen, May 19, 1881, May 26, 1881, June 9, 1881, June 16, 1881, August 18, 1881, August 25, 1881, September 22, 1881, September 29, 1881, October 27, 1881, January 5, 1882, January 12, 1882, February 2, 1882, February 9, 1882, April 13, 1882, May 11, 1882, June 15, 1882.

18 Colorado County Deed Records, Book U, pp. 113, 114, 115, 116, 366, 478, Book W, p. 218; Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879, April 15, 1880, September 30, 1880. The earliest discovered mention of Jones' store, and Vox Populi, was in the Colorado Citizen of February 3, 1881. It was in the same general area as Jones' Bend. Hill's Chapel was in the Basil G. Ijams Survey, Thompsonville in the Benjamin Beeson Survey, and Brownsville in the Thomas Cartwright Survey. Toland Chapel is frequently called Tolen Chapel.

19 [Brenham] Daily Banner, June 20, 1879; Galveston Daily News, November 6, 1879, November 7, 1879; Colorado Citizen, July 3, 1879, November 13, 1879. Johnson, who endured a thirty minute diatribe by the mob, stated that they were not the Staffords. He did not otherwise identify them. The note handed to Johnson read: "Marlin Johnson: You old offender, you must stop killing other people's hogs and cattle; 30 days you have to fix up and get clear away, or we will give you a dose of blue pills if this don't move you. Nov 5 Cowboys on the Scent." Another black man, Carol Banks, who was a blacksmith in Columbus, also received a threatening letter, probably from the same mob. The letter, written on June 27, 1879, in response to some remarks Banks made regarding the killing of Horace, gave Banks until January 1, 1880 to leave the county or be killed. The mob offered this small leniency only because, as the letter stated, "We would kill you at once but you are a good Black Smith and may be of some use to the country" (see Colorado Citizen, August 7, 1879).

20 Galveston Daily News, November 1, 1879, November 2, 1879, November 4, 1879, November 5, 1879, November 6, 1879; Colorado County District Court Records, Minute Book H, pp. 4, 6. It is perhaps a measure of Robert E. Stafford's influence that two issues of the Colorado Citizen, at least one of which certainly contained a report of the killing, are missing, and, though the cause file remains and contains a few documents, the actual indictment is also missing (see Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1779: State of Texas v. Warren D. Stafford, et al.). However, it should also be noted that the June 19 issue of the Citizen, which likely contained an article on the killing of Oliver Horace and the mass meeting afterward, incidents in which the Staffords are not thought to have been involved, is also missing, raising the possibility that someone simply removed the more interesting editions from that year for other reasons.

21 Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1778: State of Texas v. Benjamin F. Stafford and Silas W. Ratcliff, Minute Book H, pp. 47, 347, 417, 488, 560. Careful readers of these notes may notice that no account of this shooting from the Colorado Citizen has been cited, and wonder whether the relevant copy of the newspaper has, like those mentioned in the previous note, disappeared. It has not. The incident occurred during a six-week period in which the Citizen was not published because the office had burned down (see Colorado Citizen, March 25, 1880).

22 Colorado County District Court Records: Criminal Cause File No. 1869: State of Texas v. George H. Early, Criminal Cause File No. 1879: State of Texas v. Francis M. Stafford, Minute Book H, pp. 138, 180-181; Colorado Citizen, November 24, 1881. Early married Myra Stafford on June 30, 1880 (see Colorado County Marriage Records, Book F, p. 159).

23 Colorado Citizen, March 25, 1880, December 2, 1880, January 6, 1881, May 12, 1881; Colorado County Bond & Mortgage Records, Book L, p. 590; Henry Calhoun Thomas, "A Sketch of My Life," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, February 1990, pp. 78, 90.

24 Colorado Citizen, December 28, 1882, January 4, 1883; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1942: State of Texas v. William H. Stafford, Criminal Cause File No. 1943: State of Texas v. William R. Townsend, Criminal Cause File No. 1944: State of Texas v. John Stafford, Minute Book H, pp. 347, 419, 480, 481, 482, 487, 561, 562, 636, 637; Henry Calhoun Thomas, "A Sketch of My Life," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, February 1990, p. 90. Thomas remembered that "John Stafford and Will Townsend left the country and went into Mexico and stayed about three years." They certainly did not, for both men were in the Colorado County jail within a year of the killing. However, they were apparently considered "flight risks," probably because they had been difficult to arrest. When they were allowed bail, on September 28, 1883, it was set at the rather high level of $25,000 apiece (see Colorado County District Court Records, Minute Book H, p. 302). The house to which Warren Stafford was traveling, then only recently built, later became a celebrated landmark, thought by many to be haunted. No relationship between William R. Townsend and Sheriff Townsend has been discovered.

25 Colorado Citizen, March 21, 1878, November 28, 1878, August 21, 1879, May 12, 1881, December 13, 1883; Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 2, Colorado County, Texas; Colorado County Election Records, Book 1874-1884. The number of county ranchers who owned 100 or more head is taken from the 1880 agricultural census. Milk cows and oxen were not included in the count. The size of Robert E. Stafford's herd is certainly open to question. It is clear that in the year before the census was taken, he had sold large numbers of cattle: 15,000 in the spring of 1879 (including 9000 in April), 3000 in June 1879, 12,000 in September 1879, and at least 3000 more (and perhaps as many as 11,000 more) in April 1880 (see Colorado Citizen, April 24, 1879, May 29, 1879, June 26, 1879, October 2, 1879, April 15, 1880, April 29, 1880). The April 29, 1880 edition of the Colorado Citizen reports that Stafford then owned "about 200,000 head." On May 12, 1881, the same newspaper states that, at that time, Stafford owned 175,000 head. Later that year, he offered 50,000 head for sale, suggesting that he certainly had that many (see Colorado Citizen, November 3, 1881). The number he is said to have owned in our text (50,000) is taken from the census and is the most conservative estimate found. However, it should be noted that, like many of the other numbers on the census, it is difficult to read. Whatever the case, it is safe to say that, in 1880, Stafford owned more cattle than everybody else in the county combined.

26 Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 2, Colorado County, Texas. For comparisons to 1860, see Eighth Census of the United States (1860) Schedule 4, Colorado County, Texas, or the chart compiled from the schedule in Bill Stein, "Consider the Lily: The Ungilded History of Colorado County, Texas," part 5, Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, January 1997, pp. 51-59.

27 Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 2, Colorado County, Texas. In the German communities there were 649 farms, with 401 owned by the farmer, 132 rented, and 116 farmed on shares. Elsewhere there were 1027 farms, with 604 owned, 110 rented, and 313 farmed on shares. There were 499 cattle raisers, 589 corn growers, 583 cotton growers, 487 swine owners, and 571 poultry owners in the German communities, and 403 cattle raisers, 775 corn growers, 757 cotton growers, 597 swine owners, and 479 poultry owners elsewhere.

28 Tenth Census of the United States (1880) Schedule 2, Colorado County, Texas. There were 114 farmers who produced molasses, 132 who grew potatoes, and 163 who grew sweet potatoes. German area farmers were much more likely to grow Irish potatoes than sweet potatoes. Sixty-five of the 649 German area farmers, or 10% of them, grew Irish potatoes; only 67 of the 1027 other farmers, or less than 7%, did. Forty German area farmers grew sweet potatoes, 123 others did.

29 Colorado Citizen, July 13, 1879, November 18, 1880, December 30, 1880, January 13, 1881, January 27, 1881, February 10, 1881, March 10, 1881, April 21, 1881, May 11, 1882, May 18, 1882, June 1, 1882; for remarks on the cotton worm, see Colorado Citizen, July 21, 1881, August 25, 1881, July 27, 1882, August 10, 1882. The late frost on April 14, 1881 was not unprecedented. There had been similar frosts in the county on April 16, 1849 and April 22, 1859 (see Colorado Citizen, April 23, 1859, May 5, 1881).

30 Index to Abstracts of Lands, Colorado County, Texas, Colorado County Abstracts Collection (Ms. 43), Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library. As a condition of their grants, the railroads were required to survey additional tracts of land equal in size to those they were granted. These tracts, which were often referred to as the railroad's alternate tracts, were devoted to the support of the state's schools. The law by which these lands were offered for sale was passed on April 24, 1874. It called for the establishment of three-member commissions in each county to meet, when and if a prospective buyer came forth, and set a value on the land. The commission for Colorado County was established in March 1877 when the governor, acting on the recommendation of County Judge Jahu W. Johnson, named Rowan Green, John D. Gillmore, and Henry F. Dittmar to it. When a person purchased such land, the survey was designated with his or her name as though it had been obtained via a grant (see Hans Peter Nielsen Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897 (Austin: The Gammel Book Company, 1898), vol. 8, pp. 144-148; Letter of Jahu W. Johnson, March 9, 1877, Letter of Jahu W. Johnson, March 16, 1877, Letter of Rowan Green, February 22, 1878, Governor's Papers (RG 301), Richard B. Hubbard, Archives and Records Division, Texas State Library, Austin).

31 Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 1055: Walter M. Booth v. E. F. Strippleman, et al.; Charles L. Robards and A. M. Jackson, comp., Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Texas [Texas Reports], vol. 26 (Austin: Joseph Walker, 1867), pp. 436-443; A. W. Terrell, comp., Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Texas [Texas Reports], vol. 61 (Austin: State of Texas, 1884), pp. 378-383; Colorado Land District, Bounty File No. 120 (Henry C. Davis), First Class File No. 153 (Mary Hawley), Original Land Grant Collection, Archives and Records Division, Texas General Land Office, Austin; Index to Abstracts of Lands, Colorado County, Texas, Colorado County Abstracts Collection (Ms. 43), Archives of the Nesbitt Memorial Library.

32 Colorado Citizen, June 20, 1878, June 27, 1878, September 12, 1878, September 26, 1878. In early October, a group of men from Weimar, dissatisfied with the existing slates of candidates, tried to organize what was, in effect, a third party. Their call for a People's Ticket, however, seems to have gone unheeded (see Colorado Citizen, October 10, 1878).

33 Colorado Citizen, September 19, 1878 (first Johnson quote), September 26, 1878 (first cited Citizen editorial), October 10, 1878 (Middlebrook quote), October 31, 1878 (second Johnson quote and second Citizen editorial), January 30, 1879. In Colorado County, Johnson got 1583, Saunders 964, and Middlebrook 939 votes; across the two-county district Saunders got 2081, Johnson 1927, and Middlebrook 1808 (see Colorado Citizen, November 21, 1878, November 28, 1878). Middlebrook won the Democratic nomination over Daniel Washington Jackson and Rowan Green. Jackson actually won the primary but, having some leanings toward the relatively new Greenback Party, refused to take an oath to support all Democratic candidates and was bypassed for the nomination (see Colorado Citizen, May 24, 1878, September 5, 1878, September 12, 1878, September 26, 1878). Shortly after his defeat, Middlebrook asked the governor for a job with the penitentiary. His request was supported by letters from George M. McCormick and Wells Thompson. He got the job, though not until nearly a year later (see Letter of Ibzan W. Middlebrook, November 18, 1878, Letter of Wells Thompson, November 19, 1878, Letter of George M. McCormick, November 21, 1878, Governor's Papers (RG 301), Oran M. Roberts, Archives and Records Division, Texas State Library, Austin; Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879).

34 Colorado County Election Records, Book 1874-1884; Colorado Citizen, March 29, 1877, June 20, 1878, November 21, 1878. The election of 1878 brought three former or future governors to Columbus. On October 25, former governor Francis Richard Lubbock, who was campaigning for state treasurer, spoke at the courthouse. The next day, Oran Milo Roberts, who would win his race for governor in just over a week, addressed a crowd for more than two hours. On October 29, former governor Edmund Jackson Davis defended his administration and Republicanism in general for nearly three hours (see Colorado Citizen, October 31, 1878).

35 Colorado Citizen, January 30, 1879, May 22, 1879, September 11, 1879, November 20, 1879, January 1, 1880, March 25, 1880, June 10, 1880, July 8, 1880, July 15, 1880, July 22, 1880, May 5, 1881, La Grange Journal, February 18, 1880; William S. Speer, ed., The Encyclopedia of the New West (Marshall, Texas: United States Biographical Publishing Co., 1881), pp. 126-127. The Johnsons moved to Houston in late December 1879. At first, Gail Borden Johnson took a job on an existing newspaper, the Houston Telegraph. A month later, he and his father established the Houston Post. This newspaper failed in late 1884, but in early 1885 another Houston Post was established, and it flourished for more than a century (see Colorado Citizen, January 1, 1880; Speer, ed., The Encyclopedia of the New West, pp. 126-127).

36 Colorado Citizen, December 18, 1879, January 22, 1880, September 23, October 7, 1880, October 14, 1880, October 28, 1880, November 4, 1880, November 18, 1880, November 25, 1880; Colorado County Election Records, Book 1874-1884; Election Returns, 1880, Lavaca County, Texas, Records of the Secretary of State (RG 307), Archives and Records Division, Texas State Library, Austin. In his January 17, 1880 election proclamation, Governor Oran M. Roberts noted that six state senators and two state legislators had vacated their offices, and declared that he considered it "improper and inexpedient that so many vacancies should exist" (see Executive Record Books (RG 307), Oran M. Roberts, pp. 202-203, Archives Division, Texas State Library, Austin). In Colorado County, in the election for representative on February 17, 1880, Kinnison got 607 votes, Green 495, Charles C. Maigne 64, and Rufus King Gay one. The results as reported by Lavaca County to the state show Kinnison with 728 votes, Green with 697, Maigne with 91, and Gay with one. Though it is not clear from the record, these probably are the combined, two-county results. It seems unlikely that Gay would have received exactly one vote in each county. In the eight contested county-wide races on November 2, 1880, no Republican got fewer than 62% of the vote. Townsend got 70%, Riley 66%, and Webber 64%. Incumbent county clerk Henry Wagenfuhr got 82% of the vote in his race. In the two-county legislative race, Riggs got 2592 votes, Kindred 2576, Green 2016, and Bailey 1768. The totals in Colorado County were: Riggs 1221, Kindred 1159, Green 1570, and Bailey 1350. The other two seats on the commissioners court went to Henry Amthor, who defeated longtime Democrat Johann Friedrich Leyendecker, and William Herndon, whose opponent, Henry P. Smith, seems to have been a black man (two Henry Smiths lived in the county in 1880, but only one of the two lived in the same part of the county as Herndon, and he was black (see Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas)). Leyendecker also ran for and won a justice of the peace position. In the same election, James Harvey McLeary, a Democrat then living in San Antonio, was elected state attorney general. McLeary had grown up in Colorado County and many members of his family still lived there; however, he got only 38% of the local vote.

37 Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897, vol. 9, p. 273; Colorado Citizen, April 20, 1882, October 12, 1882, October 19, 1882.

38 Colorado Citizen, June 1, 1882, October 12, 1882, October 19, 1882, October 26, 1882; Lewis E. Daniell, Personnel of the Texas State Government with Sketches of Representative Men of Texas (San Antonio: Maverick Printing House, 1892), p. 221. Two years earlier, on May 20, 1880, the Colorado Citizen had published an article, written by Towell, which briefly outlined the history and platform of the Greenback Party.

39 Colorado Citizen, November 2, 1882, November 23, 1882, February 1, 1883 (which contains the last known mention of the Free Politician). In his lengthy diatribe published on November 2, 1882, Towell also stated that Nelson had informed him "that I was unfit to represent the people of Colorado county . . . [because] I could not play billiards, play cards, chew tobacco, smoke, or drink whisky."
    The city elections of the period should briefly be mentioned. In Columbus, Benjamin M. Baker was elected mayor in 1879, and Mumford Kennon in both 1881 and 1883. Kennon won the 1881 election by only five votes over John Calhoun Harbert, a candidate endorsed by local blacks, but he ran unopposed in 1883. In late 1883, Kennon resigned and was replaced by Baker. In Weimar in 1879, Jerry J. Griffin was elected to replace the recently resigned mayor, J. E. Poole. Later that year, Griffin resigned and David M. Estes was elected to replace him. Estes won the office again in 1880, 1882, and 1883. The only black man to serve in either city's government was Edmund Eason, who was elected to the Columbus city council in 1879, 1881, and 1883 (see Colorado Citizen, June 5, 1879, June 12, 1879, July 17, 1879, September 25, 1879, December 25, 1879, January 1, 1880, September 23, 1880, June 2, 1881, June 9, 1881, September 28, 1882, April 5, 1883, December 6, 1883, December 20, 1883).

40 Colorado Citizen, February 14, 1878, November 21, 1878, July 31, 1879, August 14, 1879, August 21, 1879, January 15, 1880, January 22, 1880, June 24, 1880, July 15, 1880, September 23, 1880, September 30, 1880, February 10, 1881, July 28, 1881, August 18, 1881, June 29, 1882, September 28, 1882, November 30, 1882, December 28, 1882, February 1, 1883, February 8, 1883; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1649: State of Texas v. Frank Duke, Criminal Cause File No. 1704: State of Texas v. Thomas Smith and Fritz Homuth, Criminal Cause File No. 1722: State of Texas v. Larkin S. Hope, Criminal Cause File No. 1729: State of Texas v. Ben F. Holman, Criminal Cause File No. 1744: State of Texas v. Otho H. Crebbs, Criminal Cause File No. 1780: State of Texas v. John Allen Kolb, Criminal Cause File No. 1812: State of Texas v. Benjamin C. Jones, Criminal Cause File No. 1813: State of Texas v. James M. Walker and William Robert Walker, Criminal Cause File No. 1842: State of Texas v. Charley Fields, Criminal Cause File No. 1890: State of Texas v. Robert G. Armstrong, Criminal Cause File No. 1914: State of Texas v. Jerry Wilkins, Criminal Cause File No. 1915: State of Texas v. James Williams, Criminal Cause File No. 1926: State of Texas v. Bill Johnson, Criminal Cause File No. 1928: State of Texas v. William McFarland, Criminal Cause File No. 1934: State of Texas v. Bion White. See Colorado Citizen, June 18, 1878, November 7, 1878, September 23, 1880, November 4, 1880, November 25, 1880, May 19, 1881 for complaints about shots fired at random in the night at Columbus, Weimar, and even at Frelsburg. John Johnson may have been killed in retribution for the killing of David M. Quick on May 1, 1877 (see Colorado County District Court Records: Criminal Cause File No. 1635: State of Texas v. John Johnson). A man named John Johnson was said to have been responsible for that crime; however, no link has been discovered between that Johnson and the one who was killed in 1880. Quick's killing is briefly mentioned by Stafford family cowhand Henry Calhoun Thomas (see Thomas, "A Sketch of My Life," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, February 1990, p. 89), indicating that Quick might have had some tie to the Staffords. Whoever shot Johnson made sure of his death with the shot into his head. John Allen Kolb was indicted for the murder, though no connection between him and either the Staffords or the Quicks has been discovered.

41 Colorado Citizen, August 8, 1878, August 22, 1878, October 24, 1878, February 6, 1879, October 2, 1879, July 29, 1880, August 12, 1880, July 21, 1881, September 8, 1881, November 10, 1881, December 1, 1881, July 13, 1882; Colorado County Marriage Records, Book F, p. 78; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1660: State of Texas v. James C. Harbert, Criminal Cause File No. 1703: State of Texas v. William Stewart, Jr., Criminal Cause File No. 1861: State of Texas v. James William Guynn, Criminal Cause File No. 1875: State of Texas v. West B. Henderson; The Cemeteries of Austin County, Texas (n. p., 1992), p. 317. Muckleroy finally moved to Livingston, in Polk County, where, on November 28, 1885, he was killed in a saloon shootout by two other former residents of Colorado County, James M. Greer and William M. Greer. Muckleroy got off five shots, the Greer brothers eleven. Muckleroy was hit five times (see Colorado Citizen, December 3, 1885).

42 Colorado Citizen, May 30, 1878, July 11, 1878, July 18, 1878, August 1, 1878, December 19, 1878, May 5, 1881, December 1, 1881, October 5, 1882, July 26, 1883; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1637: State of Texas v. William Thomas, Criminal Cause File No. 1641: State of Texas v. James Jones.

43 Colorado Citizen, December 18, 1879; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1771: State of Texas v. Jesse J. Harrison. Only a few months earlier, Gillmore had lost the race for mayor of Columbus to Benjamin M. Baker by a scant 21 votes. In addition to his political career, he ran a gun shop on Spring Street, where had accidentally shot himself in the hand only two months earlier. After his death, his wife took in boarders, and his sixteen-year-old son, John, took over the gun shop (see Colorado Citizen, March 18, 1875, June 5, 1879, October 9, 1879, January 8, 1880, January 29, 1880).

44 Colorado Citizen, June 6, 1878, December 26, 1878, January 8, 1880, January 15, 1880, January 22, 1880. The hapless Harrison continued to have trouble with guns. On June 27, 1882, while deer hunting with two other men, he fired a shot that struck James W. Guynn in the abdomen. Guynn died four days later (see Colorado Citizen, June 29, 1882, July 6, 1882). Johnny Kessler may have been John Franklin Kessler (1850-1921), the son of Charles Kessler, or John H. Kessler, (1857-1925), the son of William Kessler.

45 Colorado Citizen, November 25, 1880, August 18, 1881, August 25, 1881, June 22, 1882, April 12, 1883; Colorado County District Court Records, Criminal Cause File No. 1841: State of Texas v. Matt Day, Criminal Cause File No. 1846: State of Texas v. Jack Day. Nicholson had been elected Weimar city marshal in September 1880. For whatever reason, within three months Allen had replaced him. Allen, who had run for Columbus city marshal in 1879 and for Colorado County sheriff in 1880, was elected Weimar's marshal in 1881, and reelected in 1882. He resigned the office and moved to McCulloch County in December 1882. Tooke was elected to replace him later that month (see Colorado Citizen, May 15, 1879, September 23, 1880, November 18, 1880, December 9, 1880, October 13, 1881, September 28, 1882, December 7, 1882, December 21, 1882).

46 Colorado Citizen, August 15, 1878, October 2, 1879, November 23, 1882, November 30, 1882. Brown, it will be remembered, had only recently been arrested for the October 19, 1873 murder of Thomas J. Humphreys. For details of that incident, see the preceding chapter of this history.

47 Colorado Citizen, December 7, 1882, October 18, 1883, October 25, 1883; Colorado County District Court Files, Criminal Cause File No. 1916: State of Texas v. James Stanley, Minute Book H, pp. 202, 214, 252-253. Stanley's body was delivered to Dr. James Byars, who had purchased it from Stanley for $30 some two weeks earlier. Presumably, it was used to advance the young physician's study of anatomy (see Colorado Citizen, October 11, 1883).

48 Colorado Citizen, June 27, 1878, May 29, 1879, October 16, 1879, September 30, 1880.

49 William Andreas Trenckmann, "Erlebtes and Beobachtetes," Das Wochenblatt, October 1, 1931; Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879; Mary Generosa Callahan, The History of the Sisters of Divine Providence (Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Bruce Press, 1955), p. 90. Trenckmann states that the students' state-supplied tuition funds ran out after four months, and that the school charged $1.50 per month. The Colorado Citizen of October 16, 1879 states that in the year in question the state provided each school with $3.04 per student, less than would seem necessary to make Trenckmann's math correct.
    Trenckmann's older brother, Emil, was the teacher at the Shelby school until he suddenly died on March 6, 1880. The younger Trenckmann later established and edited the German-language newspaper, Das Wochenblatt. He published the reminiscences cited above in that newspaper beginning with the edition of September 17, 1931 and continuing sporadically until that of February 16, 1933.
    Gerstmann's full name seems to appear nowhere in the records of Colorado County. However, he did sign one marriage license "Fr. Gerstmann" (see Colorado County Marriage Records, Book F, p. 128).

50 Colorado Citizen, August 23, 1877, April 11, 1878, July 4, 1878, August 8, 1878, August 15, 1878, June 12, 1879, July 17, 1879, July 24, 1879, August 7, 1879, August 14, 1879, August 28, 1879, September 4, 1879, September 9, 1880, December 9, 1880, March 10, 1881, June 23, 1881, July 7, 1881, September 1, 1881, September 22, 1881, August 21, 1882, September 21, 1882, September 28, 1882, October 12, 1882, October 19, 1882, October 26, 1882. Herndon died in late 1879 or early 1880, prompting my speculation that he may have abandoned the Sam Houston Institute because of illness (see Colorado Citizen, January 8, 1880). Peterson had poems published in the Citizen on December 21, 1882 and January 4, 1883. After his brief career as a teacher, Moes opened a medical practice in Weimar. In late June or early July 1883, he accidentally took an overdose of a medicine designed to calm his nerves, and died (see Colorado Citizen, July 5 1883).

51 Colorado Citizen, August 14, 1879, August 21, 1879, December 18, 1879, May 27, 1880, June 3, 1880, June 10, 1880, June 24, 1880, July 8, 1880, September 2, 1880, May 26, 1881. As we have seen, Quin ran a newspaper for most of the first half of 1880. Probably he closed his school in Columbus when, as was common, large numbers of students stopped attending because their state-provided tuition money had been exhausted.

52 Colorado Citizen, August 28, 1879, August 26, 1880, November 18, 1880, December 2, 1880, December 16, 1880, December 23, 1880, January 6, 1881, February 3, 1881, July 28, 1881, August 11, 1881, August 25, 1881, September 15, 1881, October 6, 1881, December 22, 1881, January 5, 1882, January 12, 1882, January 26, 1882, August 3, 1882, August 10, 1882, September 14, 1882; Twentieth Century History of Southwest Texas (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1907), p. 463. In 1882, the Colorado Academy had 11 students in its highest grade, called high school; their tuition was $3 per month. The high school students were taught algebra, physiology, composition, geometry, biology, physics, history, natural philosophy, reading, penmanship, drawing, and calisthenics, all by Kate Oakes. The next highest grade, called the first class, had 10 students. The second and third classes had 18 and 35 students respectively. The enrollment in the fourth class was not given. Students in the upper grades (first through fourth class) paid a monthly tuition of $2.25. Oakes taught the third class, Bardenwerper the other three. The first and second classes were taught arithmetic, bookkeeping, natural philosophy, physiology, grammar, reading, history, composition (of both prose and poetry), geography, penmanship, drawing, calisthenics, German, Latin, and French or Spanish. The third class had instruction in arithmetic, reading, geography, history, grammar, physiology, penmanship, drawing, and calisthenics. The fourth class learned arithmetic, reading, composition, physiology, penmanship, drawing, and calisthenics. The lower classes, taught by a Miss Malone, contained a total of 65 students who paid $1.50 per month in tuition and were taught arithmetic, reading, penmanship, drawing, calisthenics, orthography, and German. Of the known 139 students, 59, or 42%, were males.

53 Colorado Citizen, January 18, 1883, April 26, 1883, May 10, 1883, May 17, 1883. Bardenwerper's replacement was W. C. Grossmann.

54 Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879, September 30, 1880, August 17, 1882, August 24, 1882, August 31, 1882, October 26, 1882, November 2, 1882, January 25, 1883, March 1, 1883, March 8, 1883, March 29, 1883. One of the schools for whites near New Mainz was the Bachelor Hill School. The others were known by a variety of names, but might best be referred to by their 1883 names: San Bernard School, Bernard Prairie School, and New Mainz School. In 1879, these same three schools were known as Himley's, Bernard, and San Bernard (see Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879, October 4, 1883).

55 Colorado Citizen, February 6, 1879, July 13, 1882, August 3, 1882, August 24, 1882, September 7, 1882. In 1880, the teacher at the black school in Oakland was Noah H. Townsend. He may have been the brother of Reed Townsend (see Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas).

56 Colorado Citizen, May 6, 1880, December 9, 1880. The letter to the Citizen was signed simply "Southern Woman."

57 Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, p. 580, Book W, p. 173; Colorado Citizen, January 22, 1880, April 7, 1881, April 28, 1881. Besides Whitley, the trustees of the Missionary Baptist Association of Eagle Lake were Cicero Howard, Robert Walls, J. L. Jourdan, and Squire Madison.

58 Colorado Citizen, October 31, 1878, December 5, 1878, December 19, 1878, March 27, 1879, July 10, 1879, June 10, 1880, June 17, 1880, June 24, 1880. No account of the opening of the Weimar AME church has been located. Tradition and logic indicate that it was the first church in Weimar. It was under construction at least two months before the white Methodist church, and it was certainly smaller (see Colorado Citizen, October 31, 1878).

59 Colorado Citizen, April 18, 1878, February 6, 1879, May 5, 1881, May 26, 1881, June 30, 1881, September 8, 1881; Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, p. 35.

60 Account Book of St. Mathias Church, Records of St. Anthony Catholic Church, Columbus, Texas; Colorado Citizen, September 19, 1878, November 20, 1879, December 11, 1879, December 25, 1879, January 8, 1880, January 22, 1880, April 15, 1880, January 13, 1881; Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, p. 335. Louisa Tait was the widow of Charles William Tait, who died on November 2, 1878. The deed by which she donated the lot to the church was not signed until December 22, 1879, more than two weeks after construction of the building began. The account book cited above states, on page 2 "Rev. Orth estimate of subscription list $1000 actual amount known to be subscribed $1325.50 Rev. Orth left without accounting for the difference" and on page 7 "Rev. Orth left without rendering an account of the money for which he had no receipts---$566.30." It also provides the names of many of the church's early members, most of which, including Burger, Gloger, Hahn, Jünger, Kloth, Laake, Ordner, and Peschke, were clearly German.

61 Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879, December 23, 1880; Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, p. 490, Book 9, p. 32. It will be remembered that the German Lutherans bought their church building in Columbus from the English Lutherans, when they too failed to fill it. In Eagle Lake, the Catholics had their own failure. Despite the May 2, 1881 acquisition of a lot for a church, no sufficient congregation emerged (see Colorado County Deed Records, Book X, p. 71).

62 Colorado Citizen, October 9, 1879, October 16, 1879, October 23, 1879, November 20, 1879, December 4, 1879, December 18, 1879, April 1, 1880, April 8, 1880, April 22, 1880, April 29, 1880.

63 Colorado Citizen, May 6, 1880, June 10, 1880, July 22, 1880, October 28, 1880, January 6, 1881. For the location of Smith Junction, see E. A. Hensoldt, [Map of] The Railroad System of Texas on September 1st, 1883, (Galveston News, 1883), or Map of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway and Connections, (St. Louis: Woodward and Tiernan, [1890]). The first discovered use of the name Smith Junction was in the Colorado Citizen of July 19, 1883. Updates on the construction of the track appear in the Colorado Citizen, June 17, 1880, July 1, 1880, August 5, 1880, September 2, 1880, December 16, 1880.

64 Colorado County Deed Records, Book V, p. 585; Colorado Citizen, March 13, 1879, March 25, 1880, April 8, 1880, June 24, 1880, July 22, 1880, November 4, 1880, December 9, 1880, February 10, 1881, May 12, 1881, March 31, 1881, August 4, 1881, August 18, 1881, September 22, 1881, September 29, 1881, May 4, 1882. The last cited newspaper summarizes a report compiled by Dr. Harrison, stating that in its first 22 months of operation (or about 670 days), the hospital had admitted 1404 patients, 26 of whom had died.
    McDaniel was the son of Dr. Harrison's sister, Margaret Ann, and her husband Walter Irvin McDaniel. His own son, Arthur Bee McDaniel, born in San Antonio in 1895, would become a brigadier general in the United States Army and a pioneering aviator. He was one of ten pilots selected to make the Army's Pan American Goodwill Flight, from San Antonio through Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands, in 1926 (for more details, see Shawn M. Bohannon, Forgotten Eagle: A Biography of Brigadier General Arthur B. McDaniel (San Antonio: n. p., 1997).

65 Colorado Citizen, May 23, 1878, October 3, 1878, November 20, 1879, January 26, 1882, March 23, 1882, June 14, 1883, June 28, 1883; Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 3570: Martin Cunningham and Tabby Cunningham v. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad, Civil Cause File No. 3691: Mary Nuss v. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad, Civil Cause File No. 3714: Augusta Faber v. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad, Minute Book G, p. 597, Minute Book I, p. 68, Minute Book J, p. 9. The railroad employees who were killed and their dates of death were Hector Bell, May 18, 1878; Ed Mahone, late September or early October 1878; Martin Cunningham, November 1879; Benjamin Nuss, January 23, 1882; W. A. Ollin, March 17, 1882; and Ed Slack and John Clark, June 11, 1883. The suit filed by Augusta Faber was initially settled in her favor. However, the railroad appealed, and on February 17, 1885, the state supreme court reversed the decision. The suit was finally dismissed on March 6, 1893 (see A. W. Terrell, comp., Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Texas [Texas Reports], vol. 63 (Austin: State of Texas, 1885), p. 344).

66 Colorado Citizen, April 20, 1882; Earle B. Young, Tracks to the Sea (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1999), p. 102. Young, citing the Railroad Gazette of June 24, 1881, states that the Southern Pacific acquired the G H & S A on June 3, 1881. Donovan L. Hofsommer reports that the two railroads met at a point about 227 miles west of San Antonio in January 1883 (see Hofsommer, The Southern Pacific, 1901-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986), pp. 5, 161).

67 Colorado Citizen, August 4, 1881, July 6, 1882, July 13, 1882, August 3, 1882, August 10, 1882, August 17, 1882, March 22, 1883.

68 Colorado Citizen, June 5, 1879, July 15, 1880, October 14, 1880, November 10, 1881, May 18, 1882, May 25, 1882, January 25, 1883, March 22, 1883, April 12, 1883, October 4, 1883, December 13, 1883; Colorado County Deed Records, Book Y, p. 582, Book 2, pp. 182, 328, Book 4, pp. 166, 235. No absolute evidence of the route of the drainage ditch has been discovered. It seems reasonable to conclude that the railroad would have diverted the water to the nearby Colorado River. However, the channel of Ratliff's Creek is even closer. And, one must consider lawsuits filed by Louisa Mary Tait and James Alexander Seymour, each of whom owned land south of Columbus, well down Ratliff's Creek from Glidden, but certainly away from the river. In their suits, Tait and Seymour claimed that the ditches were responsible for flooding part of their property in April 1883, causing them monetary damage. Both cases went to the state supreme court, where, in February 1885, earlier decisions against the railroad were reversed. Central to the supreme court's decision was the fact that the railroad "had the right to drain the water to a natural water channel." Rather than go back to court, the railroad settled both cases (see Colorado County District Court Records, Civil Cause File No. 3720: Louisa M. Tait v. Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railroad, Civil Cause File No. 3725: James A. Seymour v. Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railroad, Minute Book I, pp. 132-133; A. W. Terrell, comp., Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Texas [Texas Reports], vol. 63 (Austin: State of Texas, 1885), pp. 223, 345; Colorado Citizen, April 5, 1883).
    Dorothy Jean Heine, in her Come Reminisce With Me A History of Glidden, Texas 1885-1985 (n. p., 1985) states that Glidden "was named by E. H. Harriman . . . for a railroad engineer named F. J. Glidden," who was, she said, his nephew (p. 4). This could not be confirmed. It should be noted that Edward Henry Harriman did not begin his career in railroads until the same year that Glidden was named, 1883, when he became a director of the Illinois Central Railroad, and that he did not have any control over the railroad which ran through Glidden, the Southern Pacific, until 1901.

69 Colorado Citizen, December 9, 1880, August 25, 1881, January 19, 1882, May 17, 1883). By the summer of 1883, Benjamin Marshall Baker, the editor of the Colorado Citizen, had begun to take notice of the frequent accidents. On June 28, 1883, he editorialized, "Mexican authorities are a little more particular in inquiring into accidental death by being run over by a train than are our people. It is an accident of such frequent occurrence in the United States that little attention is paid to it. A coroner holds the inquest, the railroad officers are mentioned as blameless, and there the matter ends. Recently, in Mexico, one Sanchez, in endeavoring to steal a ride from Bustamenta, was ground by the train into a lifeless, mangled mass in the regular American style; whereupon Mexican officials and lazaroni waxed exceedingly wroth, and would have lynched the innocent and unfortunate conductor of the train had he not laid over a trip, and sent a substitute. The substitute was held for a time as a hostage for the supposed murdering conductor. . . Lately, however, better counsels prevailed, and the examination into the facts of the case, we learn, are progressing quietly and dispassionately. Meantime, however, while we are filling Mexico with our 'advanced civilization' ideas, mechanism, etc., would it not be a good idea to learn from them as to care for their dead from accidents?"

70 Henry Calhoun Thomas, "A Sketch of My Life," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, February 1990, pp. 80-81; Colorado Citizen, June 20, 1878, October 24, 1878, June 26, 1879, May 6, 1880, February 10, 1881, July 21, 1881, May 31, 1883. Though Thomas says that Green's death occurred "in the spring of 77 or 78," he also declares that he is "not sure" and that the incident occurred when Stafford rounded up a number of cattle to be driven to Kansas. The April 24, 1879 issue of the Colorado Citizen reports that Stafford was rounding up 9000 cattle to be driven to Kansas in the spring, and the June 26, 1879 issue reports a rumor that a herd of cattle stampeded around Skull Creek, killing a cowboy.

71 Colorado Citizen, May 27, 1880, May 12, 1881, June 16, 1881, June 23, 1881. July 14, 1881.

72 Colorado Citizen, December 5, 1878, June 5, 1879, November 13, 1879, June 10, 1880, December 9, 1880, December 23, 1880, June 30, 1881, August 4, 1881, September 22, 1881, November 10, 1881, November 17, 1881, December 15, 1881, March 30, 1882, July 13, 1882, November 9, 1882, December 28, 1882. The organization of the Weimar fire company has been previously discussed. For information regarding fire companies in Columbus, see Colorado Citizen, June 5, 1879, June 12, 1879, May 13, 1880, September 30, 1880, October 7, 1880, November 18, 1880, May 5, 1881.

73 Colorado Citizen, March 31, 1881, May 12, 1881, November 9, 1882, December 7, 1882. For Darden's work, see Bill Stein and Jayne Easterling, comp., "The Writings of Fannie Amelia Dickson Darden," Nesbitt Memorial Library Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 131-194. Four other locally written poems appeared in the Citizen in 1881, 1882, and early 1883. The first, published on October 13, 1881, was entitled "Retrospection" and attributed to "H. H. L." The second, "Lines on the Death of a Pet Game Chicken," appeared on May 18, 1882 and was signed "A Mourner." The last two were written by Oakland school teacher A. J. Peterson. His "Christmas" was published on December 21, 1882 and "New Year's Thoughts" two weeks later, on January 4, 1883.

74 Colorado Citizen, May 20, 1880, June 17, 1880. For Klein's works, see Colorado Citizen, November 13, 1879, November 20, 1879, November 27, 1879, April 28, 1881, December 22, 1881, December 27, 1883. The copies of the newspapers which presumably featured the first two installments of "On a Lonely Sea" have been lost. No copies of or further references to Waverly Magazine could be found. Edmund C. Klein could not be located on the 1880 census; however, a man named Adolph Klein was listed in the household of William J. Holbeck, who lived in Columbus. Adolph Klein, whose age and birthplace are given as "52" and "Prussia," was certainly not the same man as Edmund Klein, who is said, in one article, to be "a young author . . . born and reared in Houston." According to the census, Adolph Klein was Holbeck's father-in-law, and therefore, presumably, the father of Holbeck's wife, Lucy. Holbeck also had a daughter, then six years old, named Ada. Holbeck was an Anheuser-Busch Beer distributor and, in 1881 at least, Edmund Klein worked for him. If he was the brother of Lucy Holbeck, he would then be the uncle of her daughter Ada, who might perhaps have been called Addie. Edmund Klein may have been a protégé of Fannie Darden. In any case, in the summer of 1886, she moved into Adolph Klein’s home, indicating she had a reasonably close relationship with the family. She may have taken over Edmund Klein’s old room, for sometime in the 1880s, he moved to Galveston. Another of his Christmas stories was published there in 1887 (see Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Schedule 1, Colorado County, Texas; Colorado Citizen, December 22, 1881, June 17, 1886, December 29, 1887). Another work of fiction written expressly for the Colorado Citizen appeared in the edition of November 9, 1882. Attributed only to "F," its author has not been identified.

75 Colorado Citizen, November 21, 1878, September 11, 1879, May 13, 1880, June 3, 1880, July 15, 1880, July 29, 1880, August 5, 1880, September 30, 1880, December 9, 1880, February 17, 1881, May 11, 1882, May 18, 1882. For mentions of the annual Frelsburg Gesang Verein celebrations, see Colorado Citizen, May 9, 1878, May 23, 1878, April 17, 1879, April 29, 1880, June 2, 1881. For accounts of dances at public halls, see Colorado Citizen, July 3, 1879, June 17, 1880, October 14, 1880, October 28, 1880, October 26, 1882, November 9, 1882. There were also certainly other musicians in the county. The Colorado Citizen of June 13, 1878 contains a very interesting account of a rural black dance featuring music by an unidentified singing fiddle player.

76 Colorado Citizen, April 1, 1880, July 1, 1880, July 8, 1880, July 6, 1882; for reports on Weimar's celebrations, see Colorado Citizen, August 15, 1878, September 5, 1878, May 15, 1879; for reports on those at Oakland, see Colorado Citizen, May 8, 1879, October 14, 1880, May 12, 1881, May 11, 1882, May 18, 1882, October 12, 1882, October 26, 1882, November 30, 1882, December 14, 1882; for reports on Juneteenth celebrations, see Colorado Citizen, June 26, 1879, June 24, 1880, June 23, 1881, June 22, 1882; for reports on the Eagle Lake picnics, see Colorado Citizen, May 8, 1879, May 15, 1879, May 13, 1880; for reports on the Columbus Volks Fest see Colorado Citizen, April 29, 1880, May 6, 1880, May 13, 1880, May 20, 1880, May 27, 1880, June 3, 1880, June 10, 1880, June 9, 1881, June 16, 1881, July 14, 1881. Baseball activity in the county had been somewhat diminished between 1878 and 1882. There was one known game involving teams from the county in each of 1878 and 1879, but none in 1880 or 1881. In 1882, teams from Columbus and La Grange played each other at least twice, with each team winning one game, and a team from Oakland played and beat one from Harmony (see Colorado Citizen, July 18, 1878, April 17, 1879, August 11, 1881, June 1, 1882, June 22, 1882, July 6, 1882, July 27, 1882, August 3, 1882, August 21, 1882, October 26, 1882).

77 Colorado Citizen, January 30, 1879; for reports on the professional performances at Ilse's Hall, see Colorado Citizen, February 13, 1879, March 25, 1880, April 1, 1880, February 10, 1881, February 24, 1881, October 6, 1881, May 4, 1882, October 5, 1882, October 19, 1882, November 23, 1882, December 21, 1882; for reports on the circuses, see Colorado Citizen, October 16, 1879, November 13, 1879, August 19, 1880, September 2, 1880, September 23, 1880, October 14, 1880, October 21, 1880, March 10, 1881, April 7, 1881, October 19, 1882, November 2, 1882.

78 Colorado Citizen, April 6, 1882, April 13, 1882, April 27, 1882, May 11, 1882, May 18, 1882, January 3, 1884; Colorado County Deed Records, Book U, p. 354, Book V, p. 478, Book Z, p. 438, Book 1, pp. 11, 80. Kulow sold half his property south of town to the man from whom he had purchased it, James Alexander Seymour, on June 30, 1883. He conveyed the other half to his son-in-law, Henry Wagenfuhr, on December 7, 1883. Kulow purchased the tract on which he would build his hotel on November 7, 1883 and began its construction on December 28, 1883. Kulow's hotel was intended to fulfill the desire for a first class hotel in town (see Colorado Citizen, February 17, 1881). The deed by which he acquired the lot on which he built it specified that he had to construct a building that was worth at least $1000.

79 Colorado Citizen, December 14, 1882, December 21, 1882, December 28, 1882, January 4, 1883. For reports on a typical earlier Christmas in the county, see Colorado Citizen, December 28, 1876. For remarks about Thanksgiving, see Colorado Citizen, December 7, 1882, December 6, 1883.